have come to be known as formative assessments, as opposed to large-scale standardized testing, which is a form of summative assessment. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Qualifications such as GCSE and A level are very summative. Reflect on this and write your reflections. to be concerned with formative assessment. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking Reflect on this. ”REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. In what sense is formative assessment compared to “tasting the soup” while summative assessment is “serving the soup”? Ans. The students are the one who assesses the learning and skills of the cook. When the guests taste the soup, that’s sum-mative” (3). By tasting the soup you were able to determine the taste of the soup, which is considered as the prior knowledge of the students in learning process. My analysis 3. Formative assessment is similar to tasting what must be done as you progress through the learning process. Reflect on this and write your reflections. A nice analogy is that formative assessment is when the chef tastes the soup, while summative assessment is when the guests do. Similar to how you can judge how salty a soup is by tasting it and whether it tastes better or not, formative assessment will REFLECTION FSC 1 – EPISODE 12 (ACTIVITY 12) 1. Because they have the same way of implementing and consideration. Formative Assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. My reflection 4. ” It means that when a cook tastes the soup, she is primarily interested in getting information that will help her know if she needs to modify the soup before it is done and cannot be changed. (254) 710-4064. Summative assessment methods are sometimes controversial, but are a very real part of the current K–12 learning environments. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking simply because formative assessments are employed while the students are being formed or taught. This is where. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. The chef tastes the soup as they are making it and adds different ingredients to get it to where it needs to be. Formative Assessment Examples. It is like tasting the soup while cooking, because you are adding the ingredients to achieve desired taste, just like in teaching formative assessment allows you to prepare the learners on achieving the learning goals and achieve success at. Formative assessment is “when the cook tastes the soup while summative is when the quest taste the soup. The test. ” —Robert Stake “How do you know what students know?” is an ever-present question—one best. They may. Reflect on this and write your reflections. When the cook tastes the soup, thats formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, thats summative assessment . ” Do you agree? Why or why not? Yes, I agree to the given statement, because formative assessment is given during the instructional process. Snapshots of peer tutoring or other activities that show. Reflect Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking? Reflect on this and write your reflections. We need to design instruction so students can press the reset button and go back to learn what they missed the first time. 22. 2. A summative assessment, seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability. " ~ Paul Black, frequently cited as a forefather of formative assessment research Flickr photo used by KOREA. When the cook tastes the soup it's formative, when the guests taste the soup it's summative. Solutions Available. Succinctly, summative assessment is a test, usually given at the end of a term, chapter, semester, year, or the like, the purpose of which is evaluative; in addition, high-stakesFormative assessment is a process of assessing students’ learning while they are still in the learning process. PED 107-LEARNING ASSESSMENT 2 MODULE 10 V. When the guests taste the soup, that's summative. We need to be creative and design instructions so that students could choose whether to reset and. 11 Which assessment is likened to tasting the soup while is the process of. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SITXINV002 Maintain the. When we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching learning process is in progress. Japanese cooking has unobtrusive light flavors. M y Reflection 4. " - Robert Stake Hmmmm. FS 1 Learning Episode 12: Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning (Formative Assessment) SPARK Your Interest: Assessment is an essential part of the instructional cycle. Professor David Hopkins, the Education Secretary’s chief adviser, joked about the difference between formative and summative assessment at the OECD. Leads to higher motivation. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. maxim: When the cook tastes the soup it is formative, when the guests taste the soup it is formative. Reflect on this and write your reflections. National Assessment of Educational Progress. Academy for Teaching and Learning. When the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. COLLABORATE 1. 2. Reflect • Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Log in Join. “@SolutionTree @SSchuhl Michael Scriven attributes this metaphor to Robert Stake: "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative; when the guests taste the soup, that's summative. While, formative assessment is constantly checking street signs, your GPS and turning appropriately. The goal is to get a snapshot of where students currently stand - intellectually, emotionally or ideologically - allowing the instructor to make. Assessment comes in two forms: formative and summative. Reflect on this and write your reflections. maxim: When the cook tastes the soup it is formative, when the guests taste the soup it is formative. We need to design instruction so students can press the reset button and go back to learn what they missed the first time. But it is evident that how people perceive the taste of foods influences their food choice and how much they eat (Sorensen et al. Or, formative assessment. All tests are forms of assessments, but not all assessments are tests: Which definition of assessment given F to support this statement? Assessment is a process of evaluation is described collecting, reviewing and using data. (For ideas on how to get kids excited to learn together, read “The best whole-group engagement strategies. ". What these metaphors help us to see is. ” Robert E. REFLECTION Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. In what sense is formative assessment compared to "tasting the soup" while summative is "serving the soup" Distinguish between formative and summative assessment by means of a metaphor like the quote beneath the title of this Chapter (asked in question #1). ”. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Question 1 List six food categories/types and give an example of one food from each category. Meaning, if we don’t taste test it, the result is unsure whether it tastes good or not. , become self-regulated learners. EDUCATION GE3. Provides students with the tools to take control of their own learning, i. It uses judgment to sort out educational issues. When we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching- learning process is in progress. 36. ”. Solved by verified expert. Study Resources. “But when the customer tastes it, that’s summative. mentorship is utilised as an assessment and feedback tool, there is a strong association with effective clinical development in both the nursing and paramedic professions (Sibson & Mursell. Workshop: Formative Assessment Institute for Excellence in Education Summer Teaching Camp 2013 Edith Gurewitsch Allen, M. When the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative evaluation. PRINCIPLES OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. 0. Assessment for learning is referred to as formative assessment while assessment as learning is referred to as self-assessment. Formative assessment is referring to a tasting the soup because in this type of assessment there is a trial-and-error process happening where it gives additional. In cooking, we taste the soup while cooking it to ensure that the taste is good and it is edible. Keep a soup spoon handy as a 'tasting spoon'. My Reflection. "When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. Summative and Formative Assessment When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Tasting The Soup While Cooking Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking simply because formative assessments are employed while the students are being formed or taught. 1 For Learning Also known as formative assessment Given while the student is in the process of student. Low stake-Not as much pressure as summative. 3. An even simpler example: “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative. has a completely different diet, grading is very complex and time consuming for staff. Moody Library, Suite 201. This assessment is conducted to find out what students have learned and what they still need to learn. 0 download. FS 1 Learning Episode 12 Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning (Formative Assessment) SPARK Your Interest Assessment is an essential part of the instructional cycle. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking? Reflect on this and write your reflections. on the look out for miscreants posting test questions from this most nefarious assessment. FS1. Impairment in the taste can affect quality of life, food intake, and be a risk factor inducing depression [10,11]. In other words, formative assessments are for learning, while summative assessments are of learning. learning goals. Find out the benefits of both to students’ learning outcomes. A celebration of integrating creative movement, visual arts, drama, poetry, music, plus storytelling into everyday teaching practices since 2006. Formative assessment is similar to tasting what must be done as you progress through the learning process. Demonstrate knowledge of the design and use of formative assessment; and Explain the importance of formative assessment. 1. Formative assessments help teachers identify concepts that students are struggling to understand, skills they are having difficulty. ” Summative assessments come in the form of end an end of unit or term exam to summarise what the student has achieved during the course of their learning. Ed, Ph. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. Formative assessment refers to tools that identify misconceptions, struggles, and learning gaps along the way and assess how to close those gaps. com. Adjusts heat of stove to correct temperature by. when the cook tastes the soup. ELA students research the southern foods mentioned in Harper Lee's novel and bring a dish for a full-class tasting. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. , tasting the soup) can be interpreted and used for both forms of assessment. ” “As the cook, or teacher, we need to stop and taste the soup before we move forward with instruction. Most questions will be different each time you take the test, You mustanswer at least 9 out of 10 questions correctlyto. teaching formative assessment allows you to prepare the learners on achieving the. "As the cook, or teacher, we need to stop and taste the soup before we move forward with instruction. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Members of collaborative teams use the power of common formative assessments (CFAs) to ensure that each and every student attains the learning that is considered essential for their course or grade level. On the one hand, patients with taste disorders have an increased risk to ingest rotten or spoiled foods and, on the other hand, they may lose enjoyment of foods which could further result in significant changes in eating habits (Clark 1998) and mental health, e. " Do you agree? Why or why not? When the cook tastes the soup, it means that the cook is attempting to determine whether the ingredients are properly cooked or if the flavor is satisfactory before serving it to a customer or. ” It should be noted, however,. Introduction. ding formative assessment into the learning environment such that it is invisible and hence does not disrupt learning and engagement. q Contain a selection of vegetables and help with the ’ 5 a day goal Aroma Texture q Have interesting flavour combinations. Formative Assessment Digital Tools to Engage and Assess Students Lindsey Crifasi:. Types of summative & formative assessment. "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative. ”. Briefly describe the characteristics of that food. Assessment for learning C. Here is a list of quick and challenging formative assessments you can use anytime. While formative assessment can take many forms, ranging from impromptu practice quizzes to graded reflective journal entries,. It provides ways for students to use formal and informal feedbackand. While formative assessments help teachers identify learning needs and problems, in many. Dipsticks: So-called alternative formative assessments are meant to be as easy and quick as checking the oil in your car, so they’re sometimes referred to as dipsticks. This study examines how technology, in the form of a classroom-specific network, is harnessed by teachers to informate (as opposed to automate) classroom-based formative assessment. " — Bob StakeREFLECT • Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Mentioning that formative assessment is when a cook tastes the soup, means that it is important for teachers to taste the soup, which is teaching and learning before serving it to the guests, students. Post on 22-May-2018. Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking? Reflect on this and write your reflections. When the guests taste the soup that’s summative. Robert Stake The choice and use of a particular type of assessmentWe would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. g. But if the assessment is not a traditional quiz, it falls within the category of alternative assessment. . 11/4/2021. Formative assessments (in most classrooms) can be conducted in only three ways: watching, listening, and reading written products. [4] Summative and formative assessment are often referred to in a learning context as assessment of learning and assessment for learning respectively. Formative assessment in “when the cook tastes the soup while summative assessment is when the guest tastes the soup. Alternatively, if the purpose of assessing present achievement was formative from the very beginning and the purpose is what 7 determines if an assessment is summative or formative, every test or. It is a form of assessment of learning. Stake, “that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Or as assessment expert Paul Black put it, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. That's why we taste while we're cooking—or use formative assessments. They are medium-cycle, medium-scale, which means that they are administered three or. D. But he became more serious when he was later. As I read this sentences which describing formative assessment as ways of cooking. 2. My Accomplished Observation Sheet. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking Reflect on this. Assessment as learning encourages students to take responsibility for their own learning. It includes effective tools for helping to shape learning, andWhile assessments may take many forms, they also are used for a variety of purposes. Similar to how you can judge how salty a soup is by tasting it and whether it tastes better or not, formative assessment will. When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. A. The visi tor will next assess whether your. _____7. Carmen HO (Curriculum Leader) KK KEUNG (English Panel Head) Della NG (Curriculum Leader) Lisa YEUNG (English Panel Head) Connie WONG (English Panel Head) Edmond HO (Curriculum Leader). Formative assessment is “when the cook tastes the soup while summative is when the quest taste the soup. Snapshots of peer tutoring or other activities that show formative. Snapshots for peer tutoring or other activities that showformaative. With learner. Reflect on this and write your reflections. Think of yourself as the chef–you need feedback on whether. Ethics – ensuring the assessment process is honest and moral and takes into account confidentiality and integrity. I agree because formative assessment is used by the teacher to determine the background knowledge of the learners and. Use the class roll to keep track. 215 views. Formative Assessments With summative assessments, students are evaluated upon completion of the work and the focus is on the final product. Finished and is not changed. f Evaluate Your Work Task Field Study 1, Episode 12 – Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning. "[2] Formative evaluation can take many forms. Cooking a soup is a perfect representation of formative assessment. L. When the customer tastes the soup, that's summative assessment," (edglossary. When we say formative assessment involves tasting the soup while it's cooking, we mean that it's used to examine or monitor students' progress while the teaching learning process is in progress. summarizes the development of learners at a particular time. 1 •Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Types of summative & formative assessment. Formative Assessment is like tasting what needs to do as you go on to the learning process. “When the cook tastes the soup that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. During the 1980s and 1990s, educational researchers continued to expand on the ideas and theories proposed, and use of the term “formative. When making soup, periodically tasting it will show you if you are close to getting the flavor you want. Formative Assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Stake, “that's formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Arriving at your destination intact and alive with an undamaged vehicle is an example of summative assessment. Daraga Community College. ensure that the goals of the instruction are being achieved. Formative Evaluation. Reflect formative assessment is tasting the soup. Formative assessments provide a valuable tool to guide outside-the-classroom learning in a flipped classroom. a) Qualitative descriptions of student performance for diagnosing learning problems. The leading researcher on formative assessments, Paul Black, wrote: “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment;. Davao del Norte State College. It is expressed in quantity like 5 kilos of food items. Once the soup is served to the customer, the customer. 3. Because the teacher is the one who will instruct the students on what they should do. Summative assessment (or Summative evaluation) refers to the assessment of the learning and. Summative assessment (or Summative evaluation) refers to the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particular time. " That quote is the best way to remember the definition and importance of formative assessment. Use it in class time while differentiating and using formative assessment. 2. and it is likewise with the purpose of formative assessment, wherein to see if the students really understand the lesson like a perfect. Formative assessment, often referred to as ‘assessment for learning. Professor David Hopkins, the Education Secretary’s chief adviser, joked about the difference between formative and summative assessment at the OECD conference: “When a chef tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment,” he said. School Vellore Institute of Technology; Course Title SCSE 1152CS101; Uploaded By KidAntPerson574. In teaching and learning process assessments are very much important. My accomplished observation sheet. Thus, a key issue is timing, and it is possible that the same stimulus (e. 11 Which assessment is likened to tasting the soup while is the process of. Terms in this set (14) Formative Evaluation. ". With each taste she is assessing her soup, and using that feedback to change or improve it - in other words, the cook is engaging in formative assessment. " This indicates that when a chef samples the soup, he is mostly. ” Formative assessments are not unit tests, pop quizzes or. Total views 100+ Bicol University. 1 •Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. University of Illinois said, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative. 2011, 2017) were. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. A formative assessment is a teaching move -- a question, an activity, or an assignment -- that a teacher performs to gain information about student learning. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Responsive Translation specializes in the translation, adaptation, validation and review of assessments. Formative assessments can be used by both teachers and students as a means to improve learning. V. Reflect on this and write your reflections. When a cook tastes a soup, she's mostly looking for information that will help her figure out if she needs to make any changes before the soup is finished and can't be modified. D. Or as assessment expert Paul Black put it, “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment. Formative assessment is an assessment conducted for monitoring students progress throughout the lesson. or students have a hard time. Formative assessment is like tasting a meal while you’re cooking because it provides feedback that a cook can use to make adjustments to improve the meal. The chef tastes the soup as they are making it and adds different ingredients to get it to where it needs to be. List 3 food safety aspects which must be considered during the production of soups stocks. With the heavy emphasis on summative, I have the tendency to think that formative is better and the more the merrier, but they serve very different purposes. docx. atl@baylor. Formative assessment is an assessment conducted for monitoring students’ progress throughout the lesson. REFLECTION Formative assessment means tasting the soup while cooking. When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. Step 2 Add the stock and simmer slowly until tender. It, it happened thereof that teacher did not apply formative assessment then consequent failures is attributed to it. BTTE. 12). this activity also serves as a formative assessment for learning while serving as a summative assessment upon completion. Once the soup is served to the customer, the customer tastes it and makes a final judgment about the quality of the soup – otherwise known as summative assessment. Simple and easy to execute, quizzes and polls are a low-effort way of gauging student understanding at regular intervals throughout a lesson. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Answer: Formative assessment is like tasting what needs to do as you go to the learning process. More specifically, formative assessments: help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas. Summative assessments are often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value. Too. b) Teacher ranking used for assigning grades. and it is likewise with the purpose of formative assessment, wherein to see if the students really understand the lesson like a perfect soup tastes like. Enrichment Activity 1. I’ve heard several metaphors for formative/summative assessment processes, and they are all pretty good: “Formative = check up/Summative=autopsy. 0. Quote: "When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. assessment feedback facilitates intrinsic motivation, curiosity forWhat are Summative and Formative Assessments? Formative assessment – the act of monitoring student learning and providing ongoing feedback – is like sampling the soup to get feedback on what it needs more or less of. The word ‘summative’ denotes finality and conclusion. Its main objective is to determine deficiencies so that the appropriate. 169) Cite Similar questions and discussionsFormative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Yes, do as professional chefs do - give it a real raste, not such a small taste that it's only a "lick". ” (Scriven 1981). and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course. example miso soup, or part of a dish. There are two ways of assessing students — formal summative assessment and informal formative assessment. Formative assessment refers to tools that identify misconceptions, struggles, and learning gaps along the way and assess how to close those gaps. In cooking, we will never know the taste of our effort unless we taste it while it is still in the process of boiling itself in its purest. Summative assessments are for learning while formative evaluations are for learning. Summative and Formative Assessment. To quote assessment expert Paul Black: "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative assessment. em102 teaching mathematics in the intermediate grades unit lesson assessing learning the cook tastes the soup, formative when the customer tastes the soup, Skip to document. 2 Observing Assessment AS Learning Practices (Self-Assessment) TARGET Your Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this Episode, I must be able to: Demonstrate. AfL evaluates the comprehension levels. Step 5 Reheat to order and place into a pre-heated soup bowl. Students also studied. REFLECT • Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. A celebration of integrating artists movement, visual skills, drama, song, music, additionally storytelling into every teaching practices since 2006. Therefore, the global aims of the assessment of sensory perception in the IDEFICS and I. The instruction cycle consists of: 1) setting the intended learning outcome/s, 2) selecting a teaching methodology, strategy. Lesson Plan Format PASS/Oklahoma Academic Standards Bloom's Taxonomy Action Verbs. Pages 11. process. While formative assessments evaluate progress and growth, summative assessments are designed to evaluate mastery - in other words,. Includes. Quizzes and polls. When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. q Contain a range of textures and colours. Identified Q&As 31. When we say the “the cook tastes the soup” before the product or the soup is served, it is judge, and monitored, and when it is “tasted by the. “Never-ending process” 14. ”. When the customer tastes the soup, that’s summative assessment. It supports student motivation and independent learning by providing students with timely formative feedback. EDUC 102- ASSSESSMENT OF LEARNING FIRST QUIZ 1. Could an unreasonable number of failures at the end of the term/grading period be attributed to the non-application of formative assessment? Why or why not? REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Items students not achieving targets Reasons Follow-up Overall performance • Passing rate at 40% with highest score of 76 and the lowest score of 15 out of 100 • a challenging paper for most of the studentsFIELD STUDY 1 LEARNING EPISODE Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning (Formative Assessment) FS 1 12 SPARK Your Interest Assessment is an essential part of the instructional cycle. Reflect on this and write your reflections. 07/25/2013 Presenters have no relevant disclosures or conflicts of interest. With each taste she is assessing her soup, and using that feedback to change or improve it - in other words, the cook is engaging in formative assessment. Observing Assessment for learning practice Field Study 1 Learning Episode 12 Assessment FOR Learning and Assessment AS Learning (Formative Assessment) OBSERVER, ANALYZE, REFLECT! ACTIVITY 12. When the guests taste the soup, that's summative. Directions: Answer the given question. For instance, tomato soup. BTTE NONE. Self-assessment in Formative Assessment An increasing trend in formative assessment is self- assessment. -As an example of formative evaluation, the chef is reviewing the process by tasting the soup, and if there are any requirements, such as salt or whatever, he will add more to it. Reflect on this and write your reflections. 1971 links the idea of formative evaluation to the instructional approach of mastery learning as an instructional process that includes the use of data to improve both teaching and learning. Report. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking Reflect on this from EDUCATION 101 at Bicol University Daraga Campus, Daraga, Albay. The evidences gathered by the assessments that do not form the base for further learning are not really. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Formative assessment is “when the cook tastes the soup while summative assessment is when the guest tastes the soup. Like in the students learning, we will never know what lacks to them unless we do a formative assessment. , Ph. Robert Stakes is quoted as saying, "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative. REFLECT • Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. OBSERVATIONS OF TEACHING-LEARNING IN ACTUAL. ##### Activity. As instructors or aspiring teachers, we should take a moment to enjoy the blending of the scenario. 2. There is no point in formative assessment by a teacher if the teacher cannot identify, analyze, and respond to the problems of individual students. F. It is like tasting the soup while it is cooking, because you are adding ingredients to achieve the desired taste. AfL evaluates the comprehension levels and learning needs of students. Think of yourself as the chef–you need feedback on whether the course is going well. ) As teachers are talking they are watching their students’ facial expressions and body movements. 1. When the guests taste the soup, that’s summative. I have also uncovered a hugely useful quote by Paul Black which says that ‘When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative assessment; when the customer tastes the soup, thats summative assessment. "When the cook tastes the soup, that's formative; when the guests taste the soup, that's summative. Explain the following terms and relate them to formative assessment. Supposedly, the cook represents the teacher, the soup. Assessment is measurement for the purpose of improving it. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. Both formative and summative assessment have their place in the. Essay 1. Field Study 1 | Learning Episode 5: Creating an Appropriate Learning Environment. B. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. B. Central Philippine State University - Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental. In other words, formative assessments are for learning, while summative assessments are of learning. ”. To make a delicious and outstanding soup, the chief cook will keep tasting the soup and if he/she discovers that the taste is still lacking, he/she will add some seasoning or adjust until he/she achieves the taste he/she was. ####### Activity 12. REFLECT Formative assessment is tasting the soup while cooking. while an assessment as learning on the lens of the learner Formative assessment can be. 2, 3 This sustained positive energy balance suggests. Do you agree? Why or why not? C.